





_ + THE APPROACH OF ACADEMIC TO SPOKEN 
: ) STYLE IN GERMAN ; 
A STUDY IN 


POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PROSE 
~ FROM 1850 TO 1914 


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‘CHARLES FISCHER SLADEN, 


: A THESIS 
PRESENTED To THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOT, IN PARTIAT, 
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGRER 
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 





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UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 


THE APPROACH OF ACADEMIC TO SPOKEN 


STYLE IN GERMAN 


A STUDY IN 
. POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PROSE 
FROM 1850 TO 1914 


by 


CHARLES FISCHER SLADEN, 


A THESIS 
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, IN PARTIAL 
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS KOR ‘THE DEGRYE 
OF DOCTOR oF PETLOSOPHY a ao ices 


Press of TIOGA PRINTING HOUSE 


PHILADELPHIA 
1917 





CONTENTS 


Preface. 
Chapter I. 
The Point of View 
List of Works Analyzed 


Chapter II 
* Modified Participles (attributive ) 
Modified Adjectives (attributive) 


Auxiliaries of the Passive 


Chapter III 
Interlaced Clauses 
Climactic Absolute Groups 
Postpositive Prepositions 
Chapter IV 


Conclusions 


PREFACE 


This study sprang from a suggestion of Dr. Learned that a certain 
recent scientific work was cumbered with obscure style, although its 
appeal was a popular one. German is much praised in America as pre- 
eminently the language of science; clearness would seem to be the most 
desirable quality for scientific purposes. 

Many of these have been written upon literary German. From the 
American point of view it seemed worth while to consider German as 
a scientific medium and to determine as far as may be whether it be a 
clear one. 

A necessary preface to such a study was the analytical statement of 
some elements of clearness in Chapter I. Then a corpus of representa- 
tive popular scientific prose was needed, the task of covering the ground 
_ exhaustively being an impossible one. Seventy-one works were studied, 
two passages of fifty sentences being selected from each. The aim was 
to cover the period from 1870 and as many branches of science as pos- 
sible, but to select popular resumés rather than original investigations. 

The work began with the feeling that a striking move in the direc- 
tion of simplicity was likely to be demonstrated during the period; this 
has been proven to be true beyond any question. In addition, an unan- 
ticipated result has been the determination of a number of norms for this 


kind of prose,—a sort of stylistic Bertillon measurements,—that may 





have their uses. 

Thanks are due to Dr. Learned for the suggestion mentioned and to 
Dr. Learned and Dr. Shumway for helpful thoughts during the progress 
of the work. 


Nerecs CHAPTER I. 





THE Point oF VIEW. 


German prose style is becoming simpler. This wholesome trend is 
patent to a superficial observer. Credit is due largely to teachers of 
composition. For years they have recommended clearness in preference 
to rhetorical finish. Text-books of style have ceased to display choice 
specimens of beautifully intricate sentences and urge instead that the 
sentence interfere as little as possible with the transference of thought. 


But this materialistic age has furnished a more powerful incentive 
to write simply. All knowledge has become common property. Every 
new flight of speculative fancy and all the spoils of scholarly research 
must be told intelligently to the uneducated and the savant alike, in the 
next issue of the Sunday newspaper. Writers of magazine articles and 
feuilleton columns bend every effort to bring the most advanced achieve- 
ments of science within the comprehension of the most unlearned. Now, 
in following a new train of reasoning, a strain is put upon the reader’s. 
attention. There is, then, no place for devices of fine writing that breal 
the train of thought or compel one to look back or to re-read a sentence. 
The impulse of a writer for newspaper or magazine is to discard any 
linguistic modethat is not easily comprehended by, say, the class of reader 
who has not been to a Realschule. 


Feuilleton and magazine articles seldom come to be a permanent 
part of the corpus of literature. The man who reads yesterday’s Times 
or a last year’s magazine is rare. Stilistic flies preserved in that kind 
of amber are not likely to be found by later students of linguistic | 
entomology. But some writers of magazine articles compose, more 
pretentiously, popular treatises. And the popular demand for informa- 
tion on all matters has called forth series after series of books treating 
technical subjects from the lay point of view. Further, the broadening 
in scope of the subject matter taught in the schools has necessitated 
countless treatments of scientific matters in a style adapted to the young. 
Such books often run into half a dozen editions. They form, then, a 
fairly permanent part of the corpus of written German. A new phrase 
or idiom attempted in such a book may be considered to be fairly secure 
of a place in good style. But the style they adopt is largely the simple 
style of the feuilletonist and the magazine writer. Evidently these books 
must be doing a large part to take up and make permanent the movement 
in the direction of simplicity in German prose style.* 





*Note—To trace the connection between these simplifications of style and the 
varied influences that brought them about would probably be impossible,—certainly 
such an effort would lie outside the scope of this dissertation. But allusion should 


5 


In the effort to be comprehensible to the uneducated, written prose 
has been approaching the style of everyday speech, and by two methods. 
In the first place elements have been borrowed from spoken style. For 
instance, when Dr. Henning writes that one railroad is “tber siebenmal 
so lange” as another, he is adopting a phrase that is used in the vernacu- 
lar. In the second place, writers have made a conscious effort to express 
their thoughts in the way that will throw the minimum of strain upon the 
attention of the reader. Often this is not a way of expression that is 
used by the man who speaks. It may be a way devised for him by 
the user of written language. Or it may be a borrowing from another 
language where things are done more simply. An illustration may be 
taken from Dr. Behaghel’s book, Die Deutsche Sprache. “Aus dem 
-Wortschatz der Mundart haben Lessing, Wieland, Goethe, haben die 
Realisten unserer Zeit der verarmenden Schriftsprache neues Blut 
zugefuehrt.” Clearness is aided by repeating the connecting word 
“haben,” a device not of spoken but of written style. 


Now the effort to be simple is seen in both vocabulary and syntax. 
The tendency is to choose a word in common use in preference to a word 
peculiar to some technical science. Frequently a slang word is used 
when it seems to be particularly expressive. Thus on the ‘side of vocabu- 
lary the written style is approaching the style of speech both by direct 
borrowing and by a process of discarding those technical words that 
have helped to distinguish the written vocabulary :rom the spoken. 


But on the side of syntax the possibility of borrowing from spoken 
style is greatly restricted. Spoken style does not possess sentence rela- 
tionships other than those that are used in wriiten prose. (Perhaps 
the “question and answer” science book might be considered an excep- 
tion. Again, the use of rhetorical questions in didactic prose is a 
phenomenon gaining in scope,—this might be offered as an imitation 
from the vernacular.) But the great synactical changes consist in the 
other process,—discarding constructions that interfere with ease of 
comprehension. The result is an approach to spoken style, for with 
unimportant exceptions spoken style has never been marked by intricacy 
of sentence structure. Thus the process going on is not an imitation 
of spoken style so much as a conscious effart of good writers to create 


be made to the very thorough-going campaign which the allegemeiner deutsche 
Sprachverein (founded by Hermann Riegel) has been carrying on for the past 
thirty years in the interests of purity and nationality of style. The Zeitschrift of 
the society, published monthly since 1886, has rendered service of incalculable value; 
first, through its efforts to build up a native vocabulary, painstakingly weeding out 
words of foreign derivation and suggesting or inventing native equivalents; second, 
by the analysis and criticism of awkward expressions for which the simple logical 
substitute is given (this constituting a regular department of the paper called Zur 
Scharfung des Sprachgefiihls, a very suggestive name); and third, by maintaining 
a correspondence department to answer questions regarding purity of style. The 
Wissenschaftliche Beihefte, appearing since 1891, have contained many articles 
combatting those peculiarities of style with which the present study is concerned, 
and the society has published, from time to time, series of books for school use, 
illustrative of their conception of pure style. 


6 


a style free from these elements that require unusual attention from the 
reader. , 


We have, then, an effort to get rid of those constructions that do 
not make for clearness. Not that it will ever be wrong to write a fifteen- 
word participial construction or that the future perfect subjunctive 
mode will necessarily be eliminated from the language. But a large 
group of writers are making an effort to avoid them when possible. 
Doubtless many awkward constructions will continue to exist,—probably 
some will become mere relics,—possibly many will atrophy, as the sub- 
junctive mode is atrophying in English. 

Questions of literary style have sometimes been discussed from the 
impressionistic poimt of view. By this method, a writer might be credited 
with a pellucid style because the reader grasped his meaning easily. But 
style is not the only element that brings this result. For instance, the 
reader’s familiarity with the subject matter that is being presented, or 
the writer’s skill in grouping the facts in illuminating relationships, 
might have the same effect. Neither of these has to do with that skill 
in the use of language that we are now discussing,—the third aid to the 
easy transfer of thought. | 


It is not feasible to read a specimen of prose and then conclude that 
it is simple or involved because of the impression it has made. Even a 
discriminating reader would be misled by the various elements involved. 
An analysis of the elements that constitute simplicity of style is necessary 
before fair judgments can be formed in regard to individual writers or 
general tendenices. 


Some Constructions THat ArE Not SImptLe. 


Those syntactic phenomena that detract from simplicity have to do 
principally with sentence length, intricacy of sentences and verb form, 
and word order. 


i Sentence Length. 


a. Average Length. The average length of sentence in didactic prose, 
based on one hundred sentences or more, is nearly a constant 
for any given writer. Other things being equal, that writer whose 
average sentence length is low will be easier to read. 


b. Excessive Length.. Very short sentences «io not help the style 
as much as long ones hurt it. The pereentage of sentences of 
over 30 and again of over 60 words is a guide to the way an 
author lets sentence length mar style. 


II. Intricacy of Sentence and Verb. 


a. Modified Participles. A clear thinker chooses a substantive for 
his subject. One less gifted limits the substantive by adjectives 
and participles till it conveys his idea. One not gifted finds it 
necessary to limit these adjectives and participles in their turn. 
A noun modified by a participle which in turn is modified by a 


7 


group of words cannot be visualized by an ordinary human being 
without rereading. By practice one can learn to take in such a 
group slowly if it does not exceed six to eight words. That kind 
of artificial style which builds participial construction of this 
kind, dozens or scores of words in length, has done more to mar 
the simplicity and lucidity of the German sentence than anything 
else. Like the old ablative absolute, these attributes may express 
causal, temporal or other relationships that must be figured out 
before the substantive idea can be visualized. 


b. Modified Adjectives. The construction just described has been 
extended to include groups where an ordinary adjective takes the 
place of the participle. 


c. Elaborate Verb Forms. Just as many words are required in 
English or French as in German to express the compound verb 
forms,—yet German sentences habitually end with a weighty 
group of auxiliaries, while the tendency of the English and French 
writers seems to be to use the simpler verb forms when possible. 
The percentage of verbs of one, two and three words and the 
frequency of use of reflexives and passives form a criterion. 


III. Word Order. 


Ideas presented successively can be grasped without that 
strain on the memory required by ideas bound into a symmetrical 
system by graded relationships and by the retention of some neces- 
sary word for the end of the group. The writer who adopts the 
former method is easier to understand than the writer who tries 
to make each sentence a climactic structure, incomprehensible till 
the last word has been reached. The effort to build periods has 
saddled upon German style two clumsy constructions. 


a. “Interlaced” Clauses. When a sentence contains a subordinate 
thought this comes, in consequence of the transposition of some 
essential word, to be interlaced between two parts of the main 
thought; in other words, two thoughts logically separate are for- 
mally intertwined. 


b. Climactic Absolute Groups. When participles are used in absolute 
constructions and placed in the climactic position, the details 
expressed by various modifiers must be held in memory till the 
controlling participle is reached. 


c. Postpositive Prepositions. For historical reasons certain preposi- 
tions follow their nouns. Since the office of a preposition is to 
connect its noun with what precedes, this position is illogical. Four 
prepositions are here considered “gegentiber,” “gemiass,” “nach” 
(English according to), and “wegen.” 


From the point of view here described, an analysis has been made 
of the style of the works mentioned in the list which follows: 


8 


Date * Author 


Title 


1856 1 Lobe, Wm. Handbuch der rationel- 


1858 2 Masius, Her- 
mann 

3 DuBois-Rey- 
mond, F. H. 

4 v. Helmholtz, 
iol 

5 Griesinger, 
Wm. 

6 v. Kobell, 
Franz 


7 Becker, Max 


1862 
1862 
1864 
1864 
1865 
1865 
1867 


8 Peschel, Oscar 
g Engelien, A. 
1870 10 Meyer, Jurgen 


ona 


1870 11 Scheffers, Au- 
gust 


1871 12 Jager, Oscar 

1874 13 Holtzmann, 
Adolf 

1875 14 Sachs, Julius 

1877 15 Andree, Karl 

1877 16 Gerhardt, C. J. 

1878 17 Stopel, F. 


1880 18 Andresen, 
Karl G. 


1880 19 Preyer, Wm. 


1882 20 Schwebel, 
Oskar 


jen Landwirtschaft. 
Naturstudien. 


Kadmus. 
populare wissenschaft- 
che Vortrage. 


Infectionskrankheiten. 


Geschichte der Miner- 


_ alogie. 


allgemeine Baukunde 
des Ingenieurs. 

Geschichte der Erd- 
kunde. 


Grammatik der Nhd. 
Sprache 
philosophische Zeit- 
fragen. 


Darstellung der beim 
Privatbau — gebrauch- 
lichsten Bauformen. 

Gymnasium und Real- 
chule I. Ordnung. 

deutsche Mythologie. 


Geschichte der Botanik 
vom 16 Jahrh. bis 
1860. 

Geographie des Welt- 
handels. 

Geschichte der Mathe- 
matik in Deutschland. 

die Finheit des Gesetzes 


Sprachgebrauch und 
Sprachrichtigkelt im 
Heutschen. 

naturwissenschaftliche 
Thatsachen und Prob- 
leme. 

deutsches Burgerthum. 


Pages Science 


79- 82 Agriculture 
506-608 


I, 14- 21 Botany and 
II, 15- 19 Zoology 


21- 25 Accoustics 
105-110 

8- 12 Nat. Science 
Ae AS ae 
158-162 Medicine 


3608-373 


242-250 Mineralogy 
368-376 ; 
30- 33 Engineering 
418-421 
269-277 Geography 
610-617 
15- 25 Grammar 
Q2- 
: ie Philosophy 
266-269 
1- 5 Architecture 
gQ- 102 
3- 9 Pedagogy 
- 40 
st Es Mythology 
247-272 
81- gt Botany 
252-260 


75- 77 Commercial 

356-358 Geography 
1- 10 Mathematics 

238-246 

25- 37 Sociology 
164-176 

82- 87 Grammar 
328-335 


1- 7 Biology 
123-127 


g- 13 Civics 
374-378 


*Note.—Throughout this study reference will be made to the works studied by 
this serial number only,—it forms a chronological guide sufficiently accurate and the 
amount of reference needed precludes a more explicit method. 


9 


Date * Author Title 


1884 21 Stintzing, R. Geschichte der deutsch- 
en-Rechtswissenschaft. 
1886 22 Bartsch, Karl Nibelungenlied (Ein- 
leitung). 
1888 23 Socin, Adolf Schriftsprache und Dia- 
lekte 1m Deutschen. 


1893 24 Hirsch, August Geschichte der medicin- 
: ischen Wissenschaf- 
ten. 


Pages Science 
I- 7 Law 
185-190 


5- 8 History of 
16- 21 Literature 
28- 34 Philology 


125 135 Medicine 
560-571 


1895 25 v. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutsch- VI, 80- 84 History 
Ww 


en Kaiserzeit. 


182-185 


m. 
1896 26 Hart, Julius Geschichte der Welt-II, 61- 66 History of 


Litteratur. 
1899 27 Franke, Carl die Brider Grimm. 


1899 28 Gildemeister, Essays. 
Otto 
1899 29 Heigel, K. Th. deutsche Geschichte 
vom Tode Friederichs 
des Grossen bis zur 
“ETS Anuflosung des alten 


Reichs. 7 

1900 30 Paul, Hermann Mittefhochdeutsche 
Grammatik. 

1901 31 Driesmans, die Wahlverwandtschaf- 

Heinrich ten der deutschen 

Blutvermischung. 

1902 32 Fokker, A. P. Versuch einer neuen 
Bakterienlehre. 

1902 33 Kolbe, H. Anleitung zum Sam- 


meln, Konservierung 
und Verpackung von 
Tieren. 

1903 34 Mobius, Martin botanisch-mikroskopi- 
cches Praktikum fiir 


“1 Anfanger. 
1903 35 Wagner, Her- Lehrbuch der Geo- 
mann graphie. 
1904 36 Schmidt, Rich- Liebe und Ehe im alten 
ard u. modernen Indien. 
1905 37 Ehrenreich, die Mythen und Legen- 
Paul den der stidamerikan- 


ischen Urvolker. 
1906 38 Donath, B. die Grundlagen der 

Farbenphotographie. 
1906 39 Geinitz, F. E. die Fiszeit. 


10 


687-691 Literature 


I- II Biography 
46- 53 


I, 7- 14 Literary 


117-122 Criticism 
40- 44 History 
349-344 


v- 1 Philology 
40- 45 
31- 36 Ethnolog 
171-178 


5- 12 Bacteriology 
37- 42 

16- 19 Zoology 
LAI: 


17- 23 Botany 
81- 8&9 


127-130 Geography 
541-543 
8- 13 Ethnology 
368-373 | 
I- 4 Ethnolegy 
my Ss) 


55- 60 Photography 
154-158 

36- 39 Physical 
705-109 Geography 


Date * Author Title Pages Science 


1906 40 Marshall, Wm. die deutschen Meere 27- 34 Zoology 
und ihre Bewohner. 350-355 
1907 41 Behagel, Otto die deutsche Sprache. 43- 47 Philology 
7 120-134 
1907 42 Holz, Georg der Sagenkreis der 42-45 Comparative 
Nibelungen. 200-108 Literature 
1907 43 Kerschenstei- Grundfragen der Schul- 1- 8&8 Pedagogy 
ner, G. organization. 142-149 
1907 44 Walther, Carl das Staatshaupt in den 1- 10 Law 
Republiken. 307-113 
1998 45 Sitterlin & deutsche Sprachlehre. 1- 7 Grammar 
Waag | 103-107 
1909 46 Eckstein, Karl ‘Tierleben des deutschen I- 8&8 Zoology 
Waldes. 79- 84 
1909 47 Gutmann, Dichten und Denken der 68-72 Ethnology 
Bruno Dschagga-Neger. IOI-104 
1909 48 Hennig, Rich- Bahnen des Weltver- 4- 10 Commercial - 
ard kehrs. 244-252 Geography 


1909 49 Meisenheimer,J.experimentelle Studien 13- 20 Entomology 
zur Geschlechtsdiffer- 105-110 
enzierung der Schmet- 


terlinge. 
1909 50 Weise, Oskar Aesthetik der deutschen  18- 24 Rhetoric 
Sprache. 138-144 
1910 51 Effenberger, W.Naturgeschichte der 19- 23 Zoology 
| kleinsten Tiere. 99-104 
1910 §2 Lexis, Wm. allzemeine Volkswirt- 1- 4 Economics 
schaftslehre. 137-141 
1911 53 Birt, Theodor zur Kulturgeschichte 46- 47 History of 
Roms. 120-123 Culture 
1911 §4Graebner, F. Mcthode der Ethnolo- 7- 14 Ethnology 
gie. 147-152 
1911 55 Hoppe, Ed- Mathematik and = As- 2- 7 Astronomy & 
mund tronomie im klass:- 166-170 Mathematics 
schen Altertum. 
#91t 56 Schrader, Otto die Indogermanen. 20- 24 History of 
ToI-105 Culture 
1912 57 Hoernes, MoritzKultur der Urzeit. oe 22 Archeology 
106-114 
1912 58 Kluge, Fried- Wortforschung und I- 9 Philology 
rich Wort-Geschichte. 102-105 
162-166 
1912 59 Lamprecht, deutsche Geschichte der I, 76- 82 History 
Karl jiingsten Vergangen- 474-480 
heit und der Gegen- 
Rachie a ee wart. 


11 


Date * Author 
1913 60 Drude, Oscar 


1913 61 Hofler, Alois 
1913 62 Indra, A. 


Title 


die Okologie der Pflan- 
zen. 

Didaktik der Himmels- 
kunde. 

Oxydation des Ammo- 
niaks. 


1913 63 v. Meyer, Ernst Entwicklung der Che- 


1913 64 Strasburger, 
Ed. 

1914 65 Abel, O. 

1914 66 Auerbach, 


Felix 


1914 67 Baur, Erwin 

1914 68 Bluemel, Ru- 
dolf 

1914 69 Brun, Rudolf 


1914 70 Przibram, 
Hans 


1914 71 Radl, Emanuel 


mie. 

pflanzliche Zellen-und 
Gewebelehre. 

die vorzeitlichen Sauge- 
ere, 

historische Entwicklung 
der Akustik. 

Regeneration u. Trans- 
plantation 1m Pflanz- 
enreich. 

Einfthrung in die Syn- 
tax 


die Raumorientierung 
der Ameisen. 
Regeneration u Trans- 
plantation im  ‘Tier- 
reiche. 

zur Geschichte der Bi- 
ologie. 


12 


Pages Science 
3- 8 Botany 
214-220 


1o- 19 Astronomy’ & 
333-343 Pedagogy 
145-152 Chemistry 
181-187 

I- 5 Chemistry: 


26- 29 

1- 4 Botany 
20124 ; 
35- 42 Zoology 
218-223 
81- 85 Physics 
93- 98 


378-382 Biology 
398-402 


3- 7 Grammar 
106-110 


25- 31 
154-158 Entomology 
162-105 | ‘ 
343-340 Biology 
371-374 a 

I- 5 Biology 

14- 18 


CHAPTER. ¥f. 





Tue MopiFiep PartTicIPLe. 


This idiom is at present peculiar to the German language. It does 
not antedate the Humanistic period. It consists of a noun, modified by 
a participle which in turn is modified by a group of words or governs 
such a group. All these coming between the article and the noun make 
an intolerably complicated substantive group and one which presents the 
words in the wrong order. The noun is the principal word; the parti- 
ciple is meaningless and without relationship until the noun has been 
grasped by the mind. In turn the participle must be grasped before its 
modifiers can take their proper place in the thought group. So the con- 
struction has to be apprehended backwards,—a feat of mental gymnastics 
possible with training, but not worth while and not in harmony with the 
prevailing order in which thoughts are grasped. 


This construction a thousand years ago was an exotic curiosity. 
Now, doubtless, it is an ineradicable feature of German sentence struc- 
ture. When it is limited to a few words it can be taken in by a far-sighted 


reader with comparative ease and without rereading. It is objectionable 
in proportion to its length. 


The large number of instances of modified attributive participles 
render it desirable to give a preliminary survey of the number and kinds 
of illustrations to follow. From it an idea may be had of the varied 
forms that the idiom assumes. 


> rarticipie i: modined by-an adverbs. 6.9: oa ah 131 
Participle I modified by a group of adverbs.............. 27 
(of these, 2 words 19 
cas 7 
oa. I 
Participle I modified by a prepositional group............ 220 
(of these, 2 words 55 & words 3 
ee ee 
os “4 
Viena 16 12 2 
Paes 7 LS ir 2 





‘ 


*Conforming to the sensible German usage, the Participles will be dis- 


tinguished as Participle I and Participle II, the former being, of course, the 
Participle ending in “end.” 


13 


Participle I governing a direct object........-..+..0+2.+. 107 


Partacipie 1 movermine a dative Cas¢ait. fs vere cs 4s. 39 
Participie 1) modined by an adverb. i). 05-0 a a es a 271 
Participle II modified by a group of adverbs.............. 103 
(of these, 2 words 79 
3 66 20 
5 é 2 
a: I 
FOS I 
Participle II modified by a prepositional group............ 473 
(of these, 2 words 117 ee 9 
i Meas Sint 228. 9 ‘ Soret 
Fs ae aaa 
nan ee aaa eer 
. I2 2 
6 25 1 Say 2 
74 ‘ce 19 22 6 I 
Participle II governing a substantive or modified by one.... 49 
(of these, genitive. I 
dative 29 


pred. appositive 19 


Groups of several modified attributive participles or groups 
of such constructions combined with modified attribute 
DUC VCRs ee ee ee Cha ee oe 1342 


(of these, 3 word groups I 


us 6é i 
5] j 23 
6 : 16 
7 : 13 
8 . 15 
9 a9 IO 
10 ee 6 
TT as 10 

12 - 6 | 

13 : 4 : 
14 . 4 
Be. , 3 
16 ‘ Zz 
17, 9 4 
18 I 
27 I 

Groups of substantives with modified participles........... 18 

(of these, 2 substantives 13 
3 iy | 4 
4 me 


14 


Participle I modified by an adverb ............... .... 181 instances 


Example “von den iiberall rieselnden Quellen” (2). _ 


Pook. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

2 3 23 3 40 : af 59 3 

3 4 25 1 42 2 60 8 

4 2 27 4 43 3 61 2 

§ 10 28 2 45 2 62 1 

6 1 29 1 46 i 63 3 

9 2 30 1 47 1 64 mE 

Bi 2 at 2 48 2 65 2 

13 2 33 1 49 2 66 1 

13 1 34 2 50 4 67 4 

At: 3 15) 2 52 1 69 8 

18 3 36 af 54 1 70 1 

20 2 AYE + ot as Th 4 

22 o 38 2 58 2 + Ofals<, 131 
Participle I modified by a group of adverbs ............ 27 instances 

Group of 2 words, example “das immer noch steigende Interesse” (14). 

Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

4 i 23 Z 36 i 65 2 

5 1 24 if 45 1 67 FE 

14 1 OM 1 48 1 Totals 719 

aT BE 30 1 5o i 

19 pt 34 a3 60 1 


Group of 3 words, example “ein noch so wichtig erscheinendes Prinzip” 
(60). i 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 2 46 1 60 a 61 Bi 
3 1 49 1 
Total. ...°7 


Group of 5 wo.us, example “bei dem zweiten, viel rascher und mehr sprung- 
weise vorschreitenden Zuge” (5), the only instance. 


Participle I modified by a prepositional group ........ 220 instances 
Group of 2 words, example “die nach aussen dringende Warme” (35). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 iE at B 50 2 62 4 
3 af 33 a 51 1 63 1 
6 1 35 3 52 1 64 1 
11 a 38 1 54 1 65 2 
12 1 42 2 56 2 66 2 
14 2 45 2 57 1 67 5 
23 b 46 4 58 1 69 1 
25 1 48 1 59 1 71 2 
Total 55 


16 


Group of 3 words, example “eine weit ins Meer hinausgehende Landungs- 
briicke” (20). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 16 il! 34 7 59 1 
2 1 ny ¢ 2 35 1 60 1 
3 1 18 T 38 at 61 1 
5 1 19 nf 39 iE wees 2 
6 3 20 1 44 af 63 2 
7 1 Bi. 2 46 1 66 3 
10 ut 24 at 48 1 67 iH 
11 3 26 it 52 - 69 4 

12 1 31 a 54 1 70 iL 
14 a 32 2 55 Hf ipl 2 
15 2 33 1 58 1 Total... 59 


_ Group of 4 words, example “die in Wurfeln und Oktaedern krystallisirenden 
Korper” (6). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
6 ab 29 af 42 i 63 1 
tf 1 oe iE 46 } 64 ee 
9 1 34 2 47 a 67 a Bete 
1k 2 35 2 48 3 69 1 
ilye il 36 2 . 49 if 70 1 
19 2 39 1 52 2 rat 2 
27 1 40 1 60 1 Total 37 


Group of 5 words, eximple “eine aus mehreren oder vielen Kammern 
bestehende Kalkschale” (51). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 32 al 49 2 60 a 
9 1 33 ak 51 ee 61 1 
10 1 34 3 54 3: 62 1 
alg 1 39 al 56 2 69 me | 
22 a4 46 1 aire 1 a at 
24 4 47 1 59 1 ‘Totalici207 


Group of 6 words, example “anderer an den festen Teilen des Korpers 
vorkommenden physikalischen Veranderungen” (24), 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
a 2 24 3 43 1 49 i 
19 2 27 ak 44 1 59 2 
22 i ai 35 z 48 1 Total... 16 


Group of 7 words, example “das bei jeder Unterrichtsanstalt selbstver- 
standlich mit in Betracht kommende Prinzip” (12). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
9 at 24 at 63 1 67 at 
12 1 32 1 65 pes Otstas te 


Group of 8 words, example “einer in der punktirten Linie senkrecht auf 
dem Papier stehenden Ebene” (34). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
34 1 48 1 62 1 Total... 73 


Group of 9 words, example “der in der Nahe einer grossen Stadt, einer 
Eisenbahn usw. wohnende Landwirth” (1). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
a al 44 a 48 1 60 ut 
37 1 46 1 : gis) 5-3 Pepe | 


16 


Group of 10 words, example “die bei primarer Desorientierung zum 
Beispiel nach Transport vom Neste weg entstehende Form” (69). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
10 3 es 54 1 61 1 69 D 
TOtals sc oe 


Group of 12 words, example “eine Reihe mit dem Konstitutionalismus der 
Beteiligung des Volkes an der Ausitibung der Staatsgewalt, zusammenhan- 
gender neuer Begriffe” (44). 

Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
at 1 69 1 Lota: 2 


Group of 13 words, example “diese mit der Lebensweise der Insekten 
Tausendfussler und Spinnen je nach der Art derselben zusammenhangenden 
Naturobjekte” (33). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
20 1 33 1 Total. 
Participle I governing a direct object ................. 107 instances. 


_. Examples vary in length of object from one word to nine “der Saft 
fuhrenden Canale” (14) “einer selbst das damalige Mass von aligemeiner 
Bildung und allgemeiner Wirksamkeit iiberragenden Universalitat” (66). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
3 at 21 2 38 1 aire 1 
2 1 22 1 40 1 58° 2 
3 2 23 2 43 1 59 2 
4 2 24 7 44 6 60 7 
5 1 27 3 46 5 61 3 
7 1 28 2 47 1 62 1 
_ 9 3 29 3 48 1 63 5 
11 1 31 2 50 2 64 2 
14 3 33 nf 51 1 65 3 
15 1 34 iS BR: 1 66 1 
17 5 36 1 54 2 69 1 
19 3 ag 4 2 56 1 71 2 
Totals. < 187 

Participle I governing a dative case ................... 39 instances 


_ Examples “die dem Klange entsprechende Wellenform” (66) “einen der 
Grosse des Deckglaschens entsprechenden Lackrand” (34). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

1 1 19 2 42 1 61 1 
4 1 24 4 44 3 64 2 
§ 2 26 1 48 1 65 2 
9 1 27 1 49 1 66 2 
11 1 28 1 50 1 69 1 
14 1 3 9k 1 52 2 

17 1 34 2 54 2 Total... 39 


17 


Participle II modified by an adverb .............. .... 271 instances 


Examples “die asceptisch herausgeschnittenen Organe” (32) “leicht 
gekriimmtes Rohr” (49). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 2 19 3 36 4 54 4 
2 5} 20 4 37 4 56 4) 
3 4 21 7 38 1 57 8 
4 5 22 2 39 1 58 1 
5 9 23 4 40 4 59 4 
6 8 24 8 42 4 60 9 
8 2 20 3 43 9 61 ff 
9 2 26 2 44 1 62 Ti 
10 1 27 2 45 > 63 9 
ipl 7 2 2 46 4 64 7 
12 5 29 1 47 2 65 4 
ais nt 30 1 48 iss 66 4 
14 8 ou 3 49 10 67 8 
a Lis 3 32 4 50 2 68 af 
16 8 oe uf iL. iss 69 1 
1 LP 3 34 2 52 2 70 5 
18 2 io) 2 aD it f(a 3 


Participle II modified by a group of adverbs ........... 102 instances 
Group of 2 words, example “ganz kurz gehaltene Fichten” (46). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 st 28 it: 46 1 63 Pe 
4 ih 29 1 48 3) 64 2 
is li 30 1 49 1 65 2 
14 1 34 2 52 1 67 S 
16 at 37 2 56 1 69 2 
19 at 38 2 57 2 70 1 
21 il 40 1 60 3 71 2 
24 af 42 1 61 1 Total 79 
Patt 34 44 4 62 at 


Group of 3 words, example “der sonst so hofmiannisch gemiassigte 
“Goethe” (4). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 1 alr 1 46 2 66 ah 
6 af rae 1 56 2 67 1 
10 1 ot Hi 60 7 vfat 1 
14 y. 43 i 61 re a Otat.:..2 20 


Group of 5 words, example “eine wenn auch noch so bescheiden gehaltene 
Schule” (43) the only instance. 


Group of 6 words, example “denselben nur um so hirter und fester 
geschmiedeten Waffen” (31) the only instance. 


: Group of 10 words, example “diesen bald mehr mandelkern-oder lanzett- 
formig, bald oval, dreieckig oder ahnlich gebildeten Keilen” (57) the only 
instance. 


18 


Participle II modified by a prepositional group ......... 473 instances 


Group of 2 words, example “die von Gauss ausgeftihrte Triangulation (16). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 2e 2 YS 2 ne 1 
a 3 24 9 38 3 58 2 
R 2 25 1 39 2 61 2 
4 pe 26 if: 40 ai 62 3 
6 4 27 6 42 5: 63 Pe 
8 pe Pe 2 43 2 64 3 
10 1 29 2 45 4 65 it 
a gE 30 Py 46 2 66 5 
14 3 Si 1 47 1 69 a 
15 1 ie 3 48 4 70 2 
16 it 3a 4 50 1 
i Ere LL 35 1 51 ys 

21 2 36 2 52 4 Total...117 


Group of 3 words, example “der aus dem Volksmunde vernommenen 
Kinder und Hausmarchen” (27). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 i 18 2s 3 4 56 : aS 
2 19 36 3 57 ve 
3 1 20 2 Be 2 59 a 
4 a: Pat 3! 38 x 60 4 
iss 5 ae 1 40 2 61 7 
6 Ss 23 Z 43 2 62 S 
7 1: 24 8 44 Pa 63 2 
9 4 25 A 46 4 64 2 
10 1 Pui 3 48 i! 65 1 
a BE Bs 28 1 49 2 66 2 
12 i 29 5! 51 AE 67 5 
14 4 SL a a2 3 69 3: 
a st 2 By Pe oo fi 70 Pe 
16 5 4 1 54 2 71 2 
17 2 34 2 5D 2 Total. 134 


Group of 4 words, example “der am Ende der Pliocanzeit abgelagerte 
Fon” -(39). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 3 24 Ps 40 ti 57 1 
3 1 PAP 1 42 BE 60 2 
5 DE 29 2 43 5 61 ys 
6 2 30 BE 44 2 62 2 
fg 4 32 i: 46 2 63 2 
Re aL Bie yy 47 1 64 3 
14. 2 34 1 48 1 65 2 
16 a 35 ai 49 3 66 re 
1¢e 2 36 1 EO, 5 67 s 
20 t 38 4 54 1 69 4) 
2 1 39 1 56 4 ai 1 

Total... 85 


Pd 


Group of 5 words, example “den mit diesen’ Kose-und Tandelsilben 
versehenen Namen” (50). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Bock. Instances. 
1 Q's 20 1 40 2 61 2 
2 BE 21 3k 44 1 62 1 
4 2 22 ak 46 1 63 2 
5 3 23 1 48 2 65 x 
6 a 24 3 50 2 66 2 
9 2 27 S 52 2 67 31 

amt 1 28 3 54 ai 69 2 
12 2 ae 2 56 4 70 1 
14 2 34 1 OA 1 7 1 
5 ive 4 38 A: 60 af Lota. 66 


Group of 6 words, example “die von Weiss 1815 und Mohs 1820 aufge- 
stellten Krystallsysteme” (6). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 1 27 at 44 1 62 1 
6 2 29 at 50 1 69 i 
9 1 34 2 54 3 70 1 
24 1 37 2 56 1 
26 i 43 3 60 1 "‘POtdE & 2225 


Group of 7 words, example “den frither bei den Polypen mit pflanzen- 
artigen Habitus geschilderten Heteromorphosen” (70). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 1 24 ve 42 at 69 2 
aft 1 oi 1 48 ». 70 1 
14 at 38 af 52 2 tat 1 
21 if: 40 1 56 1 Yotaic cuenta 


Group of 8 words, example “der von Graf Mercy und den Gesandten des 
Dreibunds unterzeichneten Konvention” (29). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
iS A 29 u 48 1 56 if 
BE 1 apt 1 50 1 65 BE 
16 1: Lotal--o-9 


Group of 9 words, example “einer gegen Kanne, der dem Mythos zu viel 
Platz einraumte, gerichteten Abhandlung” (27). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
53 aL Bie nk 54 at 66 1 
At § 1 Totals, 


Group of 10 words, example “sein kiinstliches auf die Zahl, Verwachsung 
und Gruppirung der Staubgefasse und Carpelle gegriindetes System” (14). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
14 at 39 1 9 i 69 ? 
37 7 dBc) eb oe es 


Group of 11 words, example “der im vorigen Abschnitt unter 4 und dem 
folgenden Absatz Seite 152 erwahnten spezielien Verfahren” (38). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
38 1 52 af 54° 1 Total... ¢3 


Group of 12 words, example “der am Anfange des 17 Jahrhundert von 
Albert Kyper an der letztgenannten Universitat gemachten Versuche” (24). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

24 1 61 1 Total. <. 2 
20 


Group of 14 words, example “dem von Denis in seiner Beschreibung der 
fete bresilienne a Rouen en 1555 Paris 1851 gegebenen Auszuge” (37). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
37 1 67 1 Tote... 


Group of 22 words, example “die haupstachlich durch die beiden auf- 
gezeigten Momente, die Einfiihrung des Konstitutionalismus in die Monarchie 
und die Schaffung eines monarchenahnlichen Staatsoberhauptes in der Re- 
publik verursachte Unsicherheit” (44) the only instance. 


Participle II governing a substantive or modified by one. .49 instances 


Substantive in the genitive case, example “eine ihrer Zellwand ganz oder 
teilweise beraubte Zelle” (67) the only instance. 


Substantive in the dative case, examples vary in length from one word to 
five, “die ihnen gewahrten Privilegien” (25) “die den Kulturlandern und alten 
Schiffahrtswegen zundchst benachbarten Teile” (48). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

6 ¥ 24 1 44 1 64 1 
9 1 25 1 46 z 66 1 
14 1 26 n§ 48 2 67 1 
17 1 28 1 52 2 70 1 
20 1 32 2 57 2 

22 1 42 : 60 pt 

23 2 43 1 61 1 Total... 29 


Substantive a predicate appositive, examples “eine der MoOwenberg ge- 
nannte Sandbank” (40), “seinen nun fast uberall unanschaulich gewordenen 


Thesen” (61). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 2 23 1 2 a0 | 46 1 
10 a 24 ¥ 37 a 52 uf 
ce 1 PA f Bf 40 1 61 3 
rae 1 28 1 44 1 65 1 
Tet, 2. 49 

Groups of several modified participles or adjectives ..... 133 instances 


Group of 3 words, example “das so-genannte reticulirte Ansehen” (5) the 
only instance. 


Group of 4 words, example “ihre nachbarlich zusammenliegenden sicher 
geschiedenen Felder” (12). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 1 22 1 37 1 §2 3 
4 1 ze 1 48 1 60 : rf 
12 1 28 2 49 1 61 1 
14 1 . Total... 14 


Group of 5 words, example “einfach brechende und dopplet brechende 
Krystalle” (6). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 1 18 1 53 1 64 af 
6 3 33 2 58 2 65 1 
14 1 36 1 61 2 67 2 
16 1 48 1 63 1 69 2 
Total... 23 


Group of 6 words, example “der seit zwei Jahrhunderten herrschenden 
gleichformig temperierten Stimmung” (66). : 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
at 2 13 1 iff 1 swe Ti 
3 a 24 5 40 a 60 at 
5 2 Pave af 44 1 66 1 
Fatal A6 


Group cf 7 words, example “ein tiberaus bewegtes von ungezahmter 
Kraft wahrhaft ttbherschaumendes Leben” (20). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
20 2 28 / ene 48. 1 62 1 
2 af 31 1 49 1 67 ak 
25 u 36 af 54 1 69 af 
‘Total. =. 43 


Group of 8 words, example “die letzten ihr zugrunde liegenden and in ihr 
wirksamen Naturkrafte” (4). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 1 1 ak 42 1 59 2 
4 1 26 aii 46 ai 60 at 
fa) S 34 1 48 1 66 at 
Tata asta Ss 


Group of 9 words, example “selbst sehr nahe verwandte und angeblich 
sogar sexuell kreuzbare Arten” (57). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instancet 
35 2 38 i} 49 iT 65 1 
BIL i 48 af 61 Pe 67 ht 
Total... 10 


Group of 10 words, example “eine zwar anders geartete ihr gleich wohl 
gecignete oder selbst bessere Vorbildung” (12). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 1 24 if: 59 ut 69 1 
1s 1 57 1 Potal.. 23> 6 


_ Group of 11 words, example “ein zwar richtig orientiertes aber normaler- 
welse einem anderen Segmente des Korpers angehoriges Gebilde” (70). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 1 19 ak 42 1 67 1 
14 1 raat 2 54 if 70 1 
17 af TOLat oo 


Group of 12 words, example “eine im Weltraum freischwebende und von 
ponnenstrahlen unter diesen oder jenen Winkeln getroffene Erdkugel” (61). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
12 yt 24 1: 44 : 1 64 1 
16 1 ‘POs, £o8 


: Group of 13 words, example “eine nach fremden und zahlreichen eigenen 
Beobachtungen beareitete den Charakter einer speziellen Pathologie tragende 
clinique medicale” (24). 


Book. Instances. Bock. Instances. —_ Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
24 BE 64 1 70 1 Fpl 1 
Total A 


22 


Group of 14 words, example “das am letzten Schultage oder gar wahrend 
der filschlich als Reifepriifung bezeichneten Schauprtifung Zufillig parate 


Wiseen” (61). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
24 a 44 1 61 yk 69 1 
POtal 34 


Group of 15 words, example “die friiher an der. vollen Itensitat der 
Krankheit allein erfolgten mit enormer Entwicklung der Darmaffection ver- 
laufenden Falle” (5). 

Book. instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

5 1 1 sea 60 aay ee Soetal... 43 


Group of 16 words, example “beim Nesteingang unter dem Randstein 
eines Trottoirs abgefangene und mehrere Meter entfernt auf einer Chaussee 
ausgesetzte Ameisen” (69). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
49 1 69 1 ‘Potala 


Group of 17 words, example “eine von Singer-Shepherd angegebene und 
neuerdings von E. Konig im Verein mit den Hochster Farbwerken als Pina- 
typie ausgebildete Methode” (38). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
38 1 43 1 59 1 66 mE 
‘Potal.c) 4 


Group of 18 words, example “den sei es intuitiven sei es der praktischen 
Erfahrung bei der Feldmesskunst usw. entstammenden und darum stets nur 
annahernden Weg” (59) the only instance. 


Group of 27 words, example “die von Fourcroy der sich um die Bearhbei- 
tung der organischen Chemie die gréssten Verdienste erworben hatte in einem 
an Humboldt gerichteten, in der decade philosophique abgedruckten, Briefe 
abgegebene Erklarung” (24) the only instance. 


Group of substantives with modified participles ......... 18 instances 


Group of 2 substantives, example “wobei er zu bemerkenswerten und ftir 
die hdhere Geodasie wichtigen Erweiterungen des bekannten von Legendre 
zuerst 1787 ohne Beweis aufgestellten Lehrsatzes gelangt” (16). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 rate 1 46 2 70 iS 
16 uf 44 i 63 1 ret 2 
20 bi ° Total... 13 


Group of 3 substantives, example “dass alle von Einem Punkt der ersten 
Flache ausgehende und in ihr liegende unendlich kleine Linien den ihnen 
entsprechenden Linien der zweiten Flache proportional sind” (16). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
16 1 46 1 70 2 TOtal....-4 


Group of 4 substantives, example “der noch zum Befithlen der Nahrung 
dienende Kieferfuss der Strandkrabbe kann durch die bloss zum Fassen 
dienende Schere, der mit einer Haftborste ausgestattete Hinterfliigel der 
Schmetterlinge durch den einer solchen entbehrenden Vorderfliigel ersetzt 
sein” (70) the only instance. 


23 


MopiFiep ADJECTIVES. 


This construction is a development from the modified participle, the 
only difference being that an ordinary adjective replaces the participle. 
These adjectives in the majority of cases are such as end in “ig,” “ich,” or 
“bar” or verbal adjectives in general. 

Survey of the imstances of modified attributive adjectives that are 
listed in this section. 


Attributive adjective modified by an adverb or noun....... 325 
(of these, adverbs 319 
nouns 6 


Attributive adjective modified by group of adverbs or nouns 80 
(of these, 2 adverbs 49 


2 nouns 4 
3 adverbs 18 
3 nouns 4 
4 adverbs 2 
4 nouns 2 
, 5 adverbs 1 
Attributive adjective modified by prepositional group..... 152 
(of these, 2 words 31 
SAS 
4 39 
5 17 
O 10 
Fist 3 
Q 6“ 3 
9 “é 2 
1 I 
13 6¢ : 2 
ee metas I 
Attributive adjective modified by clause................-. 3 
Attributive adjective governing a noun.................- 55 


(of these, dative 44 
genitive 6) 
accusative 2 


Groups of modified attributive adjective constructions..... 44 
(of these, : words 15 Io words 2 
Io ‘“ 
Ore 4 es s 
oe 2 I2 I 
8 “ 5 13 < I 
2 eas 2 y. Seeeed I 


Groups of substantives with modified attribute adjectives.. 4 
24 


Attributive adjective modified by an adverb or noun .... 325 instances 


Modified by an adverb, example “die praktisch fruchtbaren Gesichts- 
punkte” (5). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 1937 3 36 t 55 1 
2 5 20 4 37 9 56 4 
3 6 21 2 39 4 57 - 10 
4 5 22 2 40 2 58 6 
5 24 23 3 42 1 59 14 
6 2 24 10 43 1 60 VA 
7 1 25 1 44 2 61 12 
8 2 26 5 45 2 62 10 
9 6 27 3 46 if 63 5 
10 2 28 9 47? Pe 64 3 
11 1 29 1 48 13 65 3 
12 c 4 30 6 49 3 66 ia 
13 2 31 oe 50 3 67 is 
14 6 a2. 2 7S 3 3 68 a 
15 4 33 a 52 4 69 3 
16 9 34 1 $3 1 70 1 
BEY 6 35 3 54 8 TL 2 
18 4 Total. ..319 
Modified by a noun, example “dem milzbrandkranken Organplasma” (32). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 Ni 27 1 48 1 65 1 
22 1 32 1 Total... 6 
Attributive adjective modified ye a grove of adverbs or 
BOUNS ee oe pes cee ie ....... 80 instances 
Group of 2 words, example “wie Asie ernstere Sorgen” (28). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book: Instances. 
10 1 28 5 Bee 44 a 60 3 
14 4 29 1 48 4 61 4 
16 1 a1 1 49 1 63 2 
18 2 oo 4 56 i 66 + 
20 1 oT 2 58 3 67 2 4 
24 2 42 1 59 2 69 4 
27 2 43 Sf Total... 53 


Group of 3 words, example “einer knapp halb so langen Kamerunbahn” 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
10 a 34 1 46 2 61 5 
12 1 39 3 § 48 2 64 1 
26 1 43 aL 52 1 69 2 
27 1 44 1 Fe } Ptah.) ae 


Group of 4 words, example “eine wenn auch noch so unvollkommene 
Unterscheidung” (64). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
39 2 61 Bf 64 1 Total. 2: 4 


Group of 5 words, example “dieser ja auch nicht mehr so einfachen 
Wohnbauten” (57) the only instance. 


Attributive adjective modified by a prepositional group, 152 instances 


Group of 2 words, example “der auf ihnen erreichbaren Entwicklungs- 
reihen” (54). 


25 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 


2 1 24 3 43 1 61 2 
a Hi 26 ait 48 a| 62 1 
4 1 oe 1 49 1 64 1 
10 1 3Y 3} ate at 66 1 
14 1 38 1h 52 4) 69 1 
19 2 42 1 54 at 70 1 
20 1 Total 31 
Group of 3 words, example “das dem Wesen nach Zusammengehorige” 
30). 
Sate Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 2 UR! uf 44 1 61 ike 
5 1 24 2 47 1 63 1 
8 1 29 2 48 3 64 2 
ait gt 30 1 49 ni 65 if 
14 L on 2 54 2 66 2 
16 2 38 5 56 at 70 2 
ive 2 42 i 59 . 1 qf ah 
19 1 TLotaki: 43 


Group of 4 words, example “zu bemerkenswerthen und fiir die hdhere | 
Geodasie wichtigen Erweiterungen” (16). 


Book. Instances. -Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 i 24 2 49 2 62 1 
3 2 27 2 51 1 63 2 
 f 1 3a 1 56 2 65 1 
9 1 34 1 57, 1 66 a 
14 1 36 x 59 3 67 i 
16 1 a, 1 60 1 69 mo! 
18 aL 47 1 61 1 71 1 
19 1 eOtaisnce oo 


Groups of 5 words, example “ein mit dem Verschwinden der Cholera 
gleichmassiges Abnehmen” (5). : 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 


4 1 28 1 52 1 62 1 
5 1 30 2 54 1 69 2 
9 i 37 1 59 1 70 1 

14 2 46 1 DGtares eat 


Group of 6 words, cxample “jedes hinsichtlich seines Standortes und 
seiner Holzarten eigenartige Waldgebiet” (46). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Rook. Instances. 
Si a 24 1 46 u 67 1 
5 1 39 3 64 4 70 1 
23 yf 44 a ‘otal ct 10 


Group of 7 words, example “eine fiir die Fntwickelung der Pariser Schule 
sehr einflussreiche Pers6nlichkeit” (24). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
24 4: 34 1 46 ¥ Lotaio 3 


Group of 8 words, example “einer fiir das Gedeihen von Leib und Seele 
unumganglich notwedigen Hauptsache” (36). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
12 1 26 1 36 1 EOtalice 3 
_ Group of 9 words, example “das durch Vergleichung der beiden Bear- 
beitungen uns noch im wesentlichen erreichbare Original” (42). 
Book. Insta< ces. Book. Instances. © Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
24 1 42 1 TOs oe 


26 


Group of 10 words, example “eine alte machtige fur den Dienst einer 
aufsteigenden Kultur und Zivilisation immer noch unentbehrliche Erziehungs- . 
krait” (43) the only instance. 


Group of 18 words, example “diese gerade hinter der Mundhohle fast wie 
ein zweiter nicht leicht sichtbarer kleiner Mund befindliche Hohle” (3). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
3 1 61 1 otal: 2s. 2 


Group of 20 words, example “die von Piedrahita in seiner historia general 
de la conquista del nuevo reino de Granada 1618 auf die Kulturheroen der 
Chibcha beztiglichen Mythen” (37) the only instance. 


Attributive adjective modified by a clause ............... 3 instances 
Example “ein wenn man will subjektives Element” (54). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
43 1 54 2 Total es 
Attributive adjective governing a noun ............... 55 instances 


Noun in the dative case, example “eines dem originalen Terrain in allen 
EKinzelheiten fast spiegelbildlich ahnlichen Komplexes” (69). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 24 2 46 1 62 1 
3 1 25 1 49 af 63 1 
9 3 28 1 53 a3 64 a} 
10 1 35 4 56 a 66 2 
12 1 36 1k 57 1 69 2 
16 2 40 1 59 2 70 2 
Li it 41 xf 60 A: fae 1 
22 i 42 2 Total 44 


Noun in the genitive case, example “eines dauerbaren, widerstandsfahigen 
Weibwesens” (31). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 it 23 1 sik Ae 62 Bi 
18 1 28 1 48 2 etabers So) 


Saas in the accusative case, example “anderem tonerdehaltigen Material” 
(62). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
24 1 62 1 eOtabe a 
Groups of modified adjective constructions ...... yee 44 instances 


Group of 4 words, example “eines wirklich dumpfen sklavisch demutigen 
Seelenlebens” (26). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
3° 1 6 aE 26 1 48 : 2 
4 3 a a 1 30 1 57 2 
5 1 18 1 34 1 ‘Eotat.-.. 15 


_ Group of 5 words, example “das morphologisch recht wertvolle phylogene- 
tisch verwertbare Beiwerk” (60). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
a As 46 1 59 1 64 7 
12 1 52 1 60 1 67 1 
26 2 Total... 10 


27 


Group of 6 words, example “den ausserordentlich eigensinnigen gewohnlich 
jedem Rath unzuganglichen Bischof” (25). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
19 se 25 aL: 60 zk 63 7 
Totat..:.-4 


Group of 7 words, example “einer sehr eigenartigen ftir unsere Verhaltnisse 
schwer vorstellbaren Weise” (48). 

Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instancés. 

10 1 48 1 Lotal.4.,| 33 ae 


Group of 8 words, example ‘‘selten ungefliigelte sehr winzige bei grober 
Betrachtung fliegenahnliche Insekten” (33). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
25 aE 41 1 64 1 67 3 as 
33 1 Total mck 


Group of 9 words, example “oft verlorener und fiir den Kampf ums 
Dasein notwendiger Organe” (70). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 1 70 1 Otic. ot 


Group of 10 words, example “die hervorragend zweckmassigen und in-ihrer 
praktischen Wirkung oft geradezu staunenerregenden Farben” (38). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
38 1 48 1 Otar one se 


Group of 11 words, example “einem einzigen sehr vielkernigen oft bis 
zu 30 cm. langen und mehrere Zentimeter dicken Protoplasten” (67) the only 
instance. 


Group of 12 words, example “eine kaum mittlere ja selbst vor grossen 
Epidemieen eine fur die Jahreszeit auffallend geringe (Zahl)” (5) the only 
instance. 


Group of 13 words, example “ein grosses fast 1.5 Kg. schweres 9 Zoll 
langes 6 Zoll breites und 4 Zoll hohes (Stiick)” (40) the only instance. 


Group of 14 words, example “diese organlosen, an allen Stellen ihres 
Korpers scheinbar gleichartigen nicht thierischen nicht pflanzlichen sondern 
nur lebenden Gebilde” (19) the only instance. 


Groups of substantives with modified attributive adjectives, 4 instances 


Example “einer zu den Strahlentierchen (Radiolarien) gehorigen Urtier- 
form, Thalassicolla, die eine mit freiem Auge deutlich sichtbare Grdsse 
erreicht (70). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
12 ras 14 2 70 1 Total. 


28 


AUXILIARIES OF THE PASSIVE. 


The formation of the passive voice is undergoing in the period under 
consideration a change that consists in an approach to the simplicity of 
spoken style; consequently it comes in here for discussion. 

After experimenting with various auxiliaries German reduced the 
result not to one but to two, with the distinction that “werden” describes 
an act and “sein” a resulting state. This distinction in use is breaking 
down. Grammarians have often pointed out that in the optative “sein” 
is used instead of “werden,” even in describing an act; in the present 
study many instances have been met where the same tendency is seen in 
other modes. Frequently it is an open question whether the intention is 
to describe an act or a condition; the instances noted below in this section 
are such that the context, or the use of some “agent” construction, or a 
peculiarity in the meaning of the verb shows that the auxiliary “sein” is 
being used in describing an act. Instances of the reverse kind are less 
common. The confusion is greatest with certain verbs, as “beschranken,” 
“erfillen,”’ which originally refer to acts, but are coming to describe 
states,—also the abbreviation of the form “geworden sein” accounts for 
some cases. Comparative syntax tempts one to see in this the beginning 
of a trend that may eventually do away with one or other of the auxil- 
iaries as superfluous,—presumably with “werden.” 


“Sein” as an auxiliary of the passive ...............008. 95 instances 


Optative uses, example “als Beispiel seien zunachst die weitverbreiteten 
zur Klasse der Ogersagen gehorigen Marchen angeftihrt” (37). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
32 1 Bie a 53 if 61 3 
36 1 51 af 60 af 63 1 
: Tot... & 


__ Subjunctive uses, example “der Luchs miisste als ausgerottet gelten wenn 
nicht ab und zu ein Exemplar aus den Ostlichen Grenzgebieten eingewechselt 
ware” (46). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
2 2 a re aE 46 1 56° 1 
4 2 2. a Sy a 61 5 
12 iv Total.) At 


Indicative uses, example “eine zweite etwas kleinere Tonne ist nun umge- 
kehrt in die erstere hereingesetzt und hat an ihrem Deckel einen kurzen Aufsatz 
mit Ventil” (7) “anf dass nicht die Massen den Lockungen der falschen Proph- 
eten preisgegeben sind” (43) “dass soll damit ausgedruckt sein dass, etc.” (55). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 La 14 a: 35 2 53 2 
2 1 16 4 42 3 54 2 
3 3 20 1 43 7 55 2 
- 1 21 2 44 3 62 1 
5 1 23 i 46 2 63 2 
7 re 29 1 47 a 67 3 
so 5 30 1 51 1 70 1 
12 nf 34 1 §2 2 vat ee 
13 4 Potal.: 76 


29 


CHAPTER Tit 





INTERLACED CLAUSES. 


Ready comprehension of meaning is hindered by that interlacing 
of main and subordinate thought that is caused by the transposition of 
the separable prefix, the infinitive, the participle and the subordinate 
finite verb to the end of the sentence. For many years good style has 
avoided this when the subordinate thought was a clause,—terminating 
the main clause before commencing the subordinate one. But during 
the period under discussion an extension of this practice can be observed 
to include those subordinate thoughts that are embodied either in quasi- 
clauses (lacking an expressed verb) or in phrases. For the matter 
examined such groups are introduced by one of the following words: ~ 


als (introducing quasi-clause)........ 33 instances 
= gh Sen SE Se BAL ae We aM Ceara eae 3 y 
EU) Cet mee aro rae iar en a Ee ee errr ee oe 12 ¥ 
BGM rea elon eee hag MER nate at ad, an tte 5 os 
ERIGS eae tapi ti ates hime emer ct, ee cia I a 
|B ss Cero 4A Ore De apn cian Tac ect semen pa 3 : 
denn (introducing quasi-clause)...... 2 i 
Cleese te dous ati nay ental oe ae Pe) a 
Ub gan ene OC ane Pat eee at ere eee G ‘ 
EOC ns ee earls cas amen oay arate I i 
LY Soros rare saaiees wee. es 17 e 
Giliey. yoshi ke ee ett en, 25 E 
et) ¢ Wetts ipe eera ras Os W GRR ana yen eRe ara aran anes I 
(a) Us ol bae a Me Gre noapic reaper a Metron tae 2 a 
TU GY SROs CPAs are Stale (mtpnig woe ie streams a Ge 6 : 
G18 os RRNA “ie arg set er a aR OLR O RIN ae ty EAD 2 = 
ROTC es oe ee ke eat rer ape oe 28 i 
OV ha erred (he aes aman, meee I . 
wie (introducing quasi-clause)....... 17 ve 
Paes aie a ke eases, oe oie ee ate ta II s 
PASCALN (0) (EAs Se aia a an garter URC Utet eA oeare lee 3 is 
miscellaneous substantive groups used 

as supject-OF Mm. apposition. 1.458 4 3 7: 


Pure prepositional phrases vary from two words to nineteen | 

WIGRIS SISIOM OE, ihe ae 2 Se A ct Go eget wae 130 instances 
: Group of 2 words, example “die Bodenerhebungen auszudriicken durch 
Farben” (8). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
8 1 10 1 aul 1 Totoro 


30 


Group of 3 words, example “er ist beherrscht von seinen Leidenschaften”’ 


(26). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 2 26 1 ot 1 59 2 
8 1 ot 1 43 1 61 2 
43 ng 30 a 45 2 66 2 
21 1 es at Do Bt 68 18 
Total 21 


Group of 4 words, example “Vorstellungen die antworten auf alle wissen- 


schaftlichen Fragen” (13). 
Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


19 2 23 1 43 3 ao 0 
i hp pi a 1 4.6 1 61 3 
Ds 2 34 1 49 1 64 1 
7; a 39 Z 51 1 66 1 

Total;. ..24 


Group of 5 words, example “die sich zusammendrangen auf dem Boden 


der Forderung” (43). 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


1 2 23 1 45 2 BR. i 
12 3 30 1 47 at 58 1 
16 1 42 2 .50 1 66 if 
19 1 43 4 52 _ Total .23 


Group of 6 words, example “dass kaum etwas fehle ausser einer genauen 


Aufstellung der Gattungen” (14). 
Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


Book. Instances. 


i2 ‘i 41 1 46 iL 64 ut 
14 a 42 1 50 1 66 4 
23 1 43° 1 52 1 67 i ise 
32 at 44 1 61 ut 68 ul 
38 1 45 it 63 i Total... 19 


Group of 7 words, example “wie wir zurtickstehen gegen die Hirten und 
Schiffer des Alterthums” (61). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 


9 a 31 Ei 60 1 66 1 
15 1 43 2 61 2 67 1 
23 1 49 1 1 Otasna fa 


Group of 8 words, example “so dass keine Kluft bleibt zwischen der 
Kreide-Astronomie des Schulzimmers und der empirischen” (61). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 


12 1 26 1 43 2 52 BF 
5 ht 39 a 45 1 oo Ri 
19 1 41 1 47? + 61 1 

Total.....13 


Group of 9 words, example “sind charakterisiert durch die Unabhangigkeit 
ihrer Farben vom Beleuchtungs- und Betrachtungs-winkel” (38). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 


if 1 ae 5 38 2 § 49 1 
Patel soe 


31 


Group of 10 words, example “lasse das Ergebniss priifen durch eine aus 
Fachmannern der verschiedenen Kategorieen gebildete vereidigte Kom- 
mission” (12). 


Book. Instances. Book. instances. pook. Instances. ° Book. Instances. 
9 a £2 if ‘Fotal,... 2 


Group of 11 words, example “sie ist erwachsen aus der Freude an dem 
Wesen und der Trefflichkeit des Mannes” (28). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
-17 1 28 2 39 1 TOtat-. yar 


Group of 12 words, example “hat abseits gestanden von dem allgemeinen 
Komplex der Physik der Naturwissenschaft und der Kultur uberhaupt” (66). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
61 1 66 1 Total. 


Group of 13 words, example “‘setzt sich zusammen aus der Gesamtheit der 
den Kapitalbesitzern zufallenden Reinertrage und der Gesamtheit der Lohne” 
(52) the only instance. 


Group of 14 words, example “wie der gesunde Schlaf sich verhalt zu den 
krankhaften Zuckungen des mit dem Tode Ringenden, oder der Starrheit des 
Verblichenen” (11) the only instance. 


Group of 15 words, example “die erfullt sind von der Ejinsicht in die 
Aufgaben des Staates und. dem Willen dieser Aufgabe zu dienen” (43) the 
only instance. 


Group of 19 words, example “sie giebt sich zu erkennen in Aufsicht und 
Warnung, Tadel und Lob, thatiger Beihilfe in Unglticksfallen, erforderlichen 
Falls aber auch in Losung des Dienstverhaltnisses” (1) the only instance. 


The phrase may contain within it a clause .......... .... 20 instances 


Example “konnte sie vergleichen mit einem Capital was in Landereien 
angelegt ist” (4). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 a 17 af: 42 at 48 1 
10 1 21 uf 43 1 59 at 
13 3 26 a 44 1 61 3 
16 at 28 i 46 1 66 xt 
Tétal. 3.20 


_ The subordinate thought is a substantive group in apposition 


WICHOML ItrOGUCtOry. WOEK’ 5.0) Oh ns nee ae 3 instances 
Example “wenn knien bedeutet auf den Knien liegen” (18). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances 
18 1 23 1 37 1 ‘EStakcs.°33 


The interlacing is commonly avoided with “quasi-clause” 
groups, i. e., groups that would form a clause except that 
no verb is expressed. These are introduced by “als”, 
PORN OF avers res coat tae attra caer 52 instances 


_. Groups with “als” (Eng. “as” in comparison), example ‘‘von den geschicht- 
lichen Ereignissen des Mittelalters hat keines so gewaltig alle Verhaltnisse 
erschiittert als dasjenige womit das Mittelalter anhebt” (22) the only instance. 


32 


Groups with “als” (Eng. “as” not in comparison), example “diese Ele- 
mente sind in jeder Wate chatins enthalten als drei notwendige Faktoren 
aller Krkenntniss” (19). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
10 yy 47 gs 58 1 61 1 
19 2 SOs coe 


Groups with “als” (Eng. “except”), example “die nach dem Edinburgh 
Review keine Zukunft hat als das Armenhaus” (17) the only instance. 


Groups with “als” (Eng. “than”), example ‘da man beim ruhigen Sitzen 
viel besser beobachten kann als beim-Stehen” (34). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. ‘Book. Instances. 
2 1 24 1 46 t 59 a ti 
3 1 26 1 52 ee 61 2 
4 2 30 2 53 1 62 1 
$ 1 34 1 57... met | 63 1 
10 z 40 gt 58 2 68 Ss 
iy Total. 


Groups with “denn”, example ‘ ‘so viel als die Sonne _grosser sei denn der 
Mond” (59) two instances in book No. 59. 


Groups with “wie”, example “macht sich nun nirgends in so auffallender 
Weise geltend wie wurt bei der Erforschung des Lebens” (19). : 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
12 5 24 1 58 a 65 1 
et 2 30 1 61 4 68 - 1 
19 2 31 1 ‘EOtals ce Le 


33 


Crimatic ABSOLUTE GROUPS. 


Participles may be used absolutely,—not forming part of finite verb 
tenses, but introducing adverbial or adjective groups of greater or less 
length. The chmactic impulse has placed such participles at the end of 
such groups. There is now a marked tendency to reverse this order, in 
accord with the simplest logic. It is shown pre-eminently in a few par- 
ticular words, such as “betreffend,” “angenommen,” but may affect any 
participle. The table in the last chapter will give statistics regarding this 
movement. A marked feature is that the Participle I] is much more 
common in this construction than the Participle I, and that it likewise 
shows a greater tendency to take the logical rather than the climactic 
position. 


Participle I. | 


Examples “Epitdemieen von Typhus k6nnen zu allen Zeiten vorkommen, 
doch finden wir sie, ibereinstimmend mit dem sonstigen Verhalten des Typhus, 
am haufigsten im Herbst und Winter” (5) “ein Teil des Volkes, der, traumend 
wie ein Kind vom goldenen Paradies der Menschheit auf Erden ohne sys- 
tematisch erzogenen Willen gelassen wird” (43). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 4 38 2 49 a 66 1 
8 yf 42 1 $3 + 68 1 
28 1 43 2 54 1 70 1 
34 1 44 1 otal. + 18 


Participle IT. 


Examples “bis man den Ofen abkihlen lasst, vorausgesetzt dass der 
Ofen kein solcher mit ununterbrochener Feuerung ist” (7) “Bischof Bernold. 
gestorben 840” (23) “Zornentbrannt tiber diese Verweigerung des Gehorsams, 
beschied der Konig den Pralaten zur Verantwortung” (25). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 3 20 1 a be 2 56 af 
2 | 22 1 36 4 60 5 
3 1 23 2 37 5 61 at 
vs 1 24 5 40 2 63 2 
8 3 25 2 42 1 64 as 
9 Z 26 2 43 2 66 1 

12 3 28 1 45 ut 67 3 
16 2 30 2 47 1 70 3 
17 2 34 2 54 2 ok 2 

Total 78 


POSTPOSITIVE PREPOSITIONS. 


The function of the preposition is to state the logical relationship 
between its substantive and the main thought. The simplest logical 
sequence is conserved by stating the relationship first and the substantive 
idea afterward, as is invariably done in the case of those other relation- 
ship words,—the conjunctions and the relative pronouns. 


Take for instance the sentence “das geschah gemass meinem Willen.” 
The various ideas are presented in such sequence as to make no demand 
upon the memory and give no occasion to go back and reread words. 
But let the words be grouped thus—“das geschah meinem Willen gemass.” 
The words “meinem Willen” are now meaningless until their relation- 
ship to the main thought is expressed by the preposition “gemiass,’’—for 
it might have been “zuwider” with an entirely different idea. Until the 
mind has grasped the relationship expressed by the preposition, the sub- 
stantive group must be held by an effort of memory,—or else the reader 
must go back and reread. 


Nearly all prepositions are thus logically placed before the nouns 
they introduce. Therefore the few exceptions are doubly objectionable,— 
first because they are illogical and second because they do not conform to 
usage. 7 


If all prepositions followed their nouns, logic would yield to usage 
and readers form the habit of grasping the prepositional phrase’ back- 
ward,—it would still be out of conformity to the idea sequence prevailing 
in the language. 


But the uneconomical fact is that two word order rules have been 
kept up for the preposition. Its position has not be come fixed, either in 
accordance with logic or otherwise. We have had a dual usage extending 
even so far as to a variable position for the same preposition (cf. Blatz 
neuhochdendeutsche Grammatik, II, “Gemass, mit Dativ, vorstehend und 
nachstehend”). The reader is never forewarned which end of a prepo- 
sitional phrase to take hold of. ; ? . 


Because prepositional groups are usually short, this unsettled con- 
dition could be accepted without great hardship, if there were a valid 
reason for it. But the only reason is the historical one basing perhaps 
in the freedom with which the modifying cases, genitive and dative, 
were placed before the words they modified in late Middle High German, 
—a passing fad rather than a native feature of the language. 


Engelien, writing in 1867, listed 83 prepositions, 68 to precede their 
substantives, 7 to follow and 8 more or less free to take either position ; 
perhaps the tendency of scientific writers to “standardize” the position of 
the preposition may result in a permanent end of this chaotic condition. 


53° 


In this study four prepositions have been considered, “gegenuber, 
gemass, nach and wegen. 


Gezeniiber, placed after the substantive .............. 25 instances 
Governing a relative, example “denen gegentuber” (61). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
| 1 37 1 44 2 61 1 
27 | TOtalicske sO 


Governing miscellaneous groups, example “den auf der Presse herge- 
stellten (Farbenildern) gegentiber” (38). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 BE 22 1 40 iL 54 at 
12 2 24 eo | 41 A: 61 1 
Pal 2 38 1 44 3 vel 1 
Total... 16 


Governing two nouns, example “den Kernen und Bacillen gegentuber” the 
only instance. 


Governing noun followed by a genitive modifier, a “dem Tne rae 
Wissen der Gottheit gegentiber” (13). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
13 il 42 ali otal ae 


Governing noun followed by prepositional modifier, example, “der Liebe 
zur Gattin gegeniiber” (56) the only instance. 


rer enuUpeL, “receding tHe SUDStAILIVE,. oak oe oe 23 instances 


Governing miscellaneous groups, example “gegenuber dem von ihm 
beigebrachten Material” (54). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
a lg 1 41 iS 54 2 59 1 
23 i 45 i] 56 aoe | 70 1 
29 2 49 1 58 ak vft 1 
36 2 50 2 Total... 20 


Governing two nouns, example “gegentiber der offiziellen Priester und 
Staats-tradition” (7) the only instance. 


Governing a noun followed by a prepositional modifier, example “gegen- 
tiber den arabischen Marchen aus Tausend und einer Nacht” (27). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
27 1 59 1 Potal.: © 
Gemass placed after the substantive .................. 17 instances 
Example “den politischen Zielen Zwinglis gemass” (23). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 1 12 2 23 1 48 1 
if i 7 a rae a 69 1 
9 1 Pal 1 30 iL 
10 1 22 1 31 2 Total..<.27 


36 


Gemiss preceding the substantive .............. ieee 3 instances 


Examples “gemass dem ’non scholae sed yitae discendum” (61) “gemass 
dieser hohen Bedeutung des Salpeters” (62) “gemass der Definition des Halb- 
tons” (66). It will be. noticed that all these instances are late (since 1913) 
in spite of the fact that this preposition is becoming quite rare. 


Nach placed. after. the substantive... 205 6. 2 36 instances 
Example “dem ausseren Anscheine nach” (59). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 1 14 6 27 1 54 at 
9 if 18 1 30 3 59 4 
10 1 21 2 43 i‘ 63 A 
it 1 22 dE 49 1 64 3 
12 1 Bo Pe iL . 65 ik 
5 he: 1 24 f 52 1 70 z 
Total... 36 
Nach ‘preceding the ‘substantive 22007 aioe eee. 250. instances 
Citing an authority, “nach Behaghel” (68). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 L 14 1 52 A: 66 1 
a af 1ke¢ 1 ne a 68 it 
5 1 21 1 62 iE 69 i 
6 1 au! 1 63 1 (ak eye 
7 12 39 4 65 1 Lotal... 26 
Governing a relative, “nach deren gesetzmassiger Wechselbeziehung” (10). 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
10 Pe 15 at ot al 68 1 
11 i 16 1 43 ai 71 2 
‘otal... 16 


Governing miscellaneous groups, examples “nach denselben Gesichts- 


punkten” (37) “nach der jetzt wohl uberall durchgedrungenen Anschauung”’ 
(56). . 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
rR 5 18 3 ays 2 os it 
4 i 20 2 B85 at 56 3 
6 2 a | 5 36 4 BY 4 
ff 1 22 3 37 2 59 nu 
8 5 23 3 39 ak 60 a! 
9 8 24 5 42 2 61 5 
10 LW rae 1 44 2 62 2 
nat I 26 1 45 3 63 3 
12 2 AP 2 46 2 66 ‘t 
13 7 29 1 48 1 69 6 
14 2 30 1 49 1 70 5 
gaa 1% 3t 1 50 3 val 4 
16 6 32 a a2 4 Total. ..139 
voce two or more nouns, example “nach Sprache, Sitten und Tracht” 
ADB 
Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
5 2 21 a ‘ 28 1 63 2 
ee 1 23 B 46 3 70 2 
15 t 26 $ 59 1 Pétal. 5:17 


37 


Group containing “nach” twice, example “nicht nur nach ihrer Grdésse 
agadern cri nach ihrer durch Verschiedenheit der Mischung hervorgehenden 
atur <7). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
7 1 11 a 29 1 59 i 
TOtdl.:2> & 


Governing a noun followed by a genitive modifier, example “nach Weise 
des deutchen Hanswurst” (20). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 

1 nf 20 af 35 1 60 a 
24 4 24 at 39 1 61 aE 
9 zn! 26 ie 41 3 62 a 
10 2 27 2 46 2 66 2 
13 1 28 af 50 wa (gt pI 
18 1 32 2 56 1 

16 3 ay t 59 2 Total...-39 


Governing a noun followed by a prepositional modifier, example “nach Art 
von Depeschen” (33). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
8 a 24 1b 45 2 60 1 
iB: 1 oO if 55 1 65 a 
18 1 Tota 210 


Governong a noun followed by a relative modifier, example “nach dem 
was soeben ausgefuhrt worden ist” (59). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
31 1 59 1 64 a 70 1 
51 i 
POtae te 25 
Wegen placed after the substantive .................. 5 instances 


Exampie ‘der vollstandigen Uebersicht wegen’ (9). 


Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
4 i 12 af 16 1 36 yf 
9 : hae LOtAb as coc OD 
Wegén precedine the substantive 03.25.50; ess. oe See 42 instances 


Examples “wegen seines Systems” (14) “wegen seines Vorkommens in 
Salpeter” (63) ‘wegen der hier meist fehlenden Callugbildung” (67). 


Book. Instances. Bock. Instances. | Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 
1 A 23 3 44 af 62 2 
5 1 25 2 48 2 63 7 
10 : 29 1 Bl. 5 65 1 
14 1 30 2 55 BE 66 if 
16 1 AY a 59 a 67 2 
18 A 38 5 61 Ds yal 4 
19 1 Total 42 


33. 


Seadoo CHAPTER IV. 





CONCLUSIONS. 


The effort of the preceding pages has been to portray, not the 
unusual, but the typical conditions that prevail with regard to those 
features of style under consideration. In the table that concludes this 
study these conditions will be summed up statistically. 


The Typical Sentence. 


Especial attention is invited to the last row of figures in the table, 
giving the averages of the various columns and thus showing the status 
of a style characteristic of the entire group studied. Such a style would 
present the following features: 


VETO  SENTCNCO CNT i chs ui ie aed eta le 31 words 
Average length of long sentences (over 30 words)......... 47 ‘ 
Peng Or WOneest Sentence. Wire: coy aca eee ree eeee 94 : 
Percentage of long sentences (over 30 words)............ 390% 
Percentage of very long sentences (over 60 words)......... 8%. 
Modified attributive participles per 100 sentences........... 24 


(Of these 21 under 6 words, 3 of 7-12 words, while 
36% of them are based upon the Participle I.) 


Longest modified attributive participle group.............. 10 words 
Nodilied attributive ad fectives 5.6 00s se eee roa ene 10 
PErcesilave’ Of Simple SENTENCES — sWicyaura ce awe ate Sees ae 28% 
Absolute groups based upon Participle I...,............... I 

(This participle would follow its group.) 
Absolute groups based upon Participle IT..............4... 4 


(Three of these participles would follow their groups 
while one would precede. ) 


Percentage of one-word verb forms.........-.-cceeeeeeee 65% 
Percentage of two-word verb forms.............++. pas 30% 
Percentage of verb forms of over two words........+.005- 5% 
Instances of the passive per one hundred sentences......... 36 


9) 


(Of these 24 would be with “werden,” 11 with “sem,” 


and 1 with some word like “scheinen.” } 


Instances of the reflexive per 100 sentences............+5: 9 
Instances of verb-prefix separated from verb per one hun- 
Pe Sentence Se ee a Ca we sees 9 
Instances of “nach” (according to) before noun,.......... 4 
Instances of “gegeniiber” before noun..........eeeeeeees I 


39 


CHRONOLOGICAL 




















Sentence Length. Modified Participles. Absolute 
: in ig ‘ Bee nak Participles. 
3 eb o ” . 
8 8 5 2 Bids ae a iptttioes 3 
nN « ~ 
So eS ih ae E See Gear F 
Bae eee eee pe eee eet a ee 
o a ee © os > = eae = > = 
Zz Ose ena 7 Bi yn eed Sten cam. SERN Saline rae veo edi = re Z, 
ne iy ee es ee Oe ego FY teat ile No v 
3s % O 6 Ae iat attr unten uate aie ene & oe 
eee Shon ited = ie ntti tun Ose 
Bg Re ee eerie ope Rat apy iar i on eee cs 
p is So. 40s Oe te 44 1) 3g A AL GS cies,“ cies a ae | 
2. a 40-14 poe 28 2h 8 Sh ac A Coa Migs og oats aR taser oeee i 
3. Op ee eee tS e040 es oo: 0-8 AL td 26 ae Sets 
4. oe ei OL. SO). eo ebro S 38 40 7 10 ik ago ak “s 
5. 39 53 142 57 15 49 39 #10 ~=«.. 43° SA 1G. Pao Pico ok 2 
6. 35 54199 46 10 34 31 3 9°42. 6 3 24 ee 3 
a 1a Neate © Sgeaey = tae 4" ates gatas ~ Caaatiaay Sue waea & et Soar es ae 31 ny Pk 
8. PA 7 ee eee: oS ee aie: Se Ses fog ieee Saaucees A = ars iores © | 
9. a0: 497106. 40 “82416 °°5 oe Sen BT 30 j ee 
10. Bee Se Oe ee A es Oe 38 55 12 8 33 Z 
oH eo. ae O04. ' 27 1. BO. 28" 2 oo (4.47 10-2: 2 33 SP vee 1 
12. SODD ASS” OT Od Se S14 9 AD 15 7 Mery es Seats | 
13. CA; Teak Gna EON 3 Samy Meena aes. See OSA Ae oe 20 5 + 
14. £02) 04 250300. Sk On Sent Og ek AGU te. Oo 5 5! is 
15. C0 349 1250 > 20. 1 Oe hay See ao 51 4 
16. 56 52113 56 12 31 27 3 216. 42-43 2°16" 23 Dee ee 
pb 43 54124 50 10 31 26 5 AS AAG e ao 8 Be ae Sa 
18. sue Je 6g (ne) RR, ge: Seon Seaerar 0635 3,060 Oe 17 as = 
19. GOP Ee OO ae CON: AO ei ds he ei en ek 26 a 2 
20. By BO he Oe ee ke Le bok ed Se ot Oe 1G... So a4 ros ee, © 
21. 30 46 85 41 6 .26 24 2 19 4.5 79 ei p eeearer are: | 
22. 31.40.7630) 6 1421 Ss in) tics 2 Dees Wei: ee ceanage 1 5 eons gare 
23. SA) 24 Oe. Ose Ot: AO TO rahe) OG Payne) = ao ak Sere ge oe 
24. 64 72 254 87 48 77 60 15 2 30 55 28 26 6 oS. © oA 
25. CO eh Oe ee ee A a 1S 30 oO ae sce EE 
26. Se) 40 90 C8 ee On Sse ge eS 8 IA aS he Done 
27. OO At OO oa 7° 186 30 8 Hh phe: Oe ate & Beta 26 Se 5 
28. 40 49 123 44 4 21 19 2 cs es Sa ele 65 i4 aS a es: 
29. ee at Oe et a IO lang ft Sart ceed &! Meri: Seana fo 5 are 
30. CO 0. 1 4 On 0 Boe 20. ae Oa LO 50 a 2 
31. of AG ea oes SB Sh 138 50 48 10 6 24 3 6 
32. CO at ie Oe ee RO AED, es oy Oke a OAs De vite 
33. Paieet 28S Or cne 204 Ve oe 2 2 OO a bo Ae > er Pod tae 
34. 4; 40 90..2025=. 16) 5284-20: 8 Dt i ah cb 8 Spiga Hh Ey Seagate) | 
35. BO 2A See Ok ee Ne 1B Se Soo 108 8 36 ey er ae 
36. O04 OO. Oo « SAAS 163" Ss) 6 a £1 6S 12 Bak Boek 
37. 29 39 69 42 1 28 22 5 j UI Seam oe Seamer i areas lea ss Men eae se eae 
38. eno AU Gt. el Fete gas | 2 eo SO Oe Le Oo eee heres 2 
39. Bh AT: 385-24 A Ba eS 38° 63 ak 18 68 as cae 
40. yt i, 9 RE Es EO Renee El | as 3 Se 21 42 8 4 24 Meer are? | 


SUMMARY 


Elaborate Verb Forms. 


tt 





Prepositions. 





cr 





Nach Wegen itiber Gemass 








co) ae Ree re S  e e o  ae Coe eae i 
a a = = P 7) 
Sire tare S Be et a eee eee 
E me rf) eas alee Beet, 8 > ee eaten ese Geet Ree ore = Aaa, 
ere Se Ae Be eee BS eB ee 
a si J Tian te I so A, a ee ee: Bee 
*s hae hee a ‘a ba © me : be he a oy J be & toe 
a ° ° bh Ge e.g 8 Oe MP Rn A Ge gy Org a ee 
Be ee re io ee es eee Oe ee 
Be eee cpr pe te Re a ee ae Oe om cee at era ee 
4. 68 28 4 Beet eee © Betaegey ©. 4 D) | 1 
2. 83 15 aan ts alee D) 7 S ; 
=f "1 See -y aoe St ee i ey) 4 1 4 pins se 
4. 57 36 ; Adee 6 23 18 5 Oe BED iy BOE 1 1 
5, et 90. 10 5 5 OF TE 5 Aen: | 1 : 
6. 70 25 5 9 S238 9 3° Ee Memes AC ame 
7, 59-35 6 6 A BE 1S oe aps 1 
8. 59 «4 «33 8 7 Brey een 6a2%: ui 
9. 70 27 3 $7 1 6e) OF 5 RA este 1 1 
10 60 31 645 1 16 + thas Seedkee Pekan 1 
41 65 29 6 15 S84 oP age Nig ae cae eone 
12 59 «36 5 6 a 49 3010 1 DAs | ae eet 
13 63 29 So 8 Re Oh Ole ter Dee ke eee eee 
14 73 «25 2 7 Gia 307. 35 4 ee Mae ait : 
15 74 25 1 8 20 36 v4 2 eats : af 
16 59 = 333 8 9 eae ie © | ree fs rea aes : 
17 57 40 3 3 7 ee) eee 2 , Re RY ere rat (een Wit obar 
18 (2s eae) eee 2. 4. Saree 1 A CR ee ee 
19 7% 22 3 12 8 24 10 Bit: ner Ae oe a ieee 
20 75 «23 Jee Tee. 15. 1S Yee Be hs Seana ar 
21 66 28 @:. 33 Jae § wees. some Yee sear aac aees, Ben T 1 
22 69 29 2 8 24 as 2 3 = Mane wiepeerl re | 1 
23 7 16 9 By cba a eae a se eee 1 
24 65 28 aaa Ct elas: gear © areas fs 2 eee Casa Pe | 1 
35 65. 29 Bo tee 8 ee 5 1 1 2 a i 
26 82 16 2 9 20 7 D) 2 4 es 
OT 69 27 4 Se 6 oa 1 ae ee | 
28 73 27 3 £2549 43 2 2 rs 
29 ge ae 4 9 ae Fy 3 3 1 2 
30 48 47 5 16 $48 26 Hewes items Sets aces 1 
31 64 33 3 8 % 11 9 4 4 : 2 
32 5244 4248 | Soe yee A 1 3 1 
33 St «33 6.722 ee 9 2 4 
34 65 33 D) eee ee D) 
35 64 30 6 16 7 15 By, 2 
36 59 = 39 2 6 Feeder > eon @) uttaleds | 4 eee | 
37 59 «28)— «18 7 5 ee ee se Pages 2 Spare eae | 
38 S39 46 8 yee | 5 ee 1 
39 71 26 a. 3s es ot 5 6 aS 
40 65 29 6 15 6 8 8 1 


CHRONOLOGICAL 

















Sentence Length. Modified Participles. Absolute Parts. 
- or es _ ¥ ~ ~ P, ¥ ¥; it. 
me GH one Sie pce 
. n n i=" ° 
oe eee a : 
= os oe ; Sa ee. 
S88 SS se ES a ee ee 
; = eo YY o (—) = ww cae si 5 5 5 5 
6 Re Be Oeste ee cH f ook, co. eee 
z ee ee Oe. oe Poe a eo. eee 
° ' 
cs mM Oe Goo te AA ee Oe eos ee 
aoe ae 6:35 6. 8 > 6 y ee = 
See Ree ee, Re eR ee 
41 O8:.44.-67 SA. 412-14 1 046 7 8 48 1 3 
42 BS 58400 46 14 91 900-8 ROSS IR? 2 6 i ee 
43 OT ee 469320. OO Ra Bo a A OL Oe ee ee 
44 Ra aes 98 40 6 84 85) Bs Ry SBOE SET at Sas 
45 31 44 78 46 3 14 14 86 344 OSE yee | 
46 OF 4G 070 38 | 8 6457-50) 1 OS AS 8 88 5 7 
47 oY Bae? AO <a Seamer i na oa 504607 ae OF Fey Cas | 
48 49560 118 56. 22.41: 80° 11° (45 44268 11 os 48 1 3 
49 ps tne 6 Bam Bagg 0 ite. ees! ie Sie Seeds Gael Wey Oc debe cara eae. Me 3 
50 59 4p M046 267. 2 347.49 4 5044-10; 45 “41 
51 267-40) °78 40 © 4 1 16S OF. 63.7 5-7 252) 37 As 
52 OF) 48 89 C5. 8 38 87S 9 BE BOIS BO SO 1 
53 16 400 605280 5258 90" S.6: (522 the “Poel 4 
54 aS 46 416 82 8897 10 8 60:8 Bs 48 14 os ee -gore 
55 27 48 77 32 4 4 4 50.48 25. 11> 33 1 
56 Bi. 40-67 238-4247 16-8 20 56 10.9 42 t 3 
57 27 40 64 36 2 30 28 2 27 39 12 17 35 3 
58 G4 41: 76 23> £12: 12 50.432 2685 107° 88 Pe 
59 36 60 91 40 16 28 20 8 56 52 12 24 33 Pe 
60 34 50 91 49 12 54 45 9 5244 10 28 22 ae ae 
61 48 73 148 88 48 46 36 9 1 39 50 14 31 18 aes Bead” 3 
62 29 46 93 34 4 29 26 3 88 44 10 16 22 See a | 
63 30° 40-76 46 4°86 32° 4 36 43 9 13 24 are Bag 
64 24 39 65 28 1 30 30 33 39 6 15 18 Beer: Gres | 
65 28 46 73 36 4 31 27 42 44 10 6 28 
66 40 56120 56 20 28 24 4 $948 410. 80> WAG. 19S 
67 a0 545 900-50). 4249 80 78 2" 1:47.44 6 41 28 a7 
68 S448 209 907-8. Fo 0-80-38 <3 se 4 
69 MO ORIG OT 65,1425 AS O81 2 BU a 4S te 2 
70 Sh 4h 96 46-2 ST 91 S187 48 14418 28 3 2 
71. SO. 06 Sh 8 391 0b he 8 ee Oo 6 0S tees 
Povevage 31°47 94-950 -58' 24 0a 38. 36.4.6 102 108 28 oe 
Totals 13 98 81 183 


The last row of averages shows the conditions typical of the style of the kind 
of prose under consideration. 


SUMMARY > 

















Elaborate Verb Forms. Prepositions. 
a : te Gegen- . 
pe di Nach Wegen iber Gemass 
A ; © > . 
n Ww Baad om . if2] 
S aie cae ee er ore hai ae Ege 
2 Ef - Beige epics meter pee ee pe Care cher 
> of & Go pf & ‘| @ OB 3 Os By Oe pete 
hy ty ‘o) 4 wn oO co a 3 ee On me aie” ARES = Sie” Pe 
oe eS Ro ee ORO ae ee ons 
om wh tu * ~~ . tu rity ae Aa tu ia a 
os ° ° be aS ee 4 CO or OO 
n z 3 © eo SAO pe Agee Oe ee ee Oe ere ee 
Be Oy Se ee as iy eee ee eee 
41 28 29 3 5 cs 42 6 y | BS 5 Ha 
42 64 35 1 9 8 19 4 ove, 1 
43 56 41 3 7 ns co per t 1 ie 
44 72 24 4 7 7 27 11 1 2 1 At 4 
45 76 22 2 14 18 Pas 9 ig 1 
CA A Oe or oe ad a ee eee 
47 74 26 oe 8 8 14 12 3 oes ap 
48 42 44 14 9 10 45 9 2 | Seen 2 oh 2 
49 66 29 5 16 15 20 g Aa k a 1 Be J 
50 78 22 is 8 21 a bes’ 7 4 4 yt 
oi | 72 27 1 vs 13 15 10 a 1 i = 
52 59 32 9 11 6 35 8 2 5 1 
3 83 15 2 8 4 18 7 a ig gat so Fe 
54 68 23 9 7 4 18 1 ein tee 2 1 
55 70 26 4 7 9 26 5 1 1 
56 62 29 9 6 6 21 5 1 + Bt ase 
57 60 29 11 11 18 16 11 ve Re 
58 60 34 6 10 16 7 EL 3 | eat a 1 
59 65 29 6 14 12 20 rs 2 : 4 2 2 : 
60 68 26 6 10 5 15 10 5 ‘ 
61 55 37 8 8 14 31 21 1 6 1 2 1 
62 55 38 7 6 5 46 A | 2 ee 2 1 
63 61 36 3 r¢ 5 31 6 1 6 1 1 
64 83 17 5 Bhp 9 16 Ps 1 So 
65 60 30 10 v 5 25 24 | 2 1 1 
66 GOR 8 aa eee ee Ae 1 - 1 
67 67 27 6 9 5 22 14 2 ie 2 
68 65 31 4 4 13 10 11 a 2 eo 
69 60 BY { Bs ans necee'ds) 7 1 {tree ta J 
70 49 45 6 16 6 43 5 3 5 a 1 
71 78 21 1 14 7 28 12 11 5 1 1 
Aver- 
age 65 30 5 9 9 24 11 1 4 1 1 
Pheer os 258 37 43 §& 23 25 3 17 


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